Project management 'New museum' Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Project management 'New museum' - Assignment Example Projects have a start and end date, the funding limits, consumes human and nonhuman materials (Kerzner, 2006). Project management involves planning and monitoring of the project compares the intended and the actual end of the project. Analyze the impact and making adjustments as needed. (Meredith, 2006). Project management changed from hierarchical matrix to a linear matrix with the Project Manager responsible for the project from planning to completion. This makes selection of a project manager that has a set of skills that allows successful completion of the project. A manager needs experience, knowledge, good communication skills, interpersonal relationship, and the ability to make subset of the teams work in harmony and move the project to completion. Project Managers use a series of planning tools to assign tasks, monitor progress, and ability to adjust project timelines as needed (Meredith, 2006). Stakeholder charts identifies individual and groups with an interest in the proje ct. Some of these stakeholders will work on the project as a team member. Work flow charts break the process used into segments each part dependent on the deliverables of the prior team efforts. In practice several phases operate at the same pace with deliverables due in the same time frame. Gannt charts track progress of the teams and allows for adjustment if one team's deliverable falls behind the due date. Introduction Gotham Science Museum planned expansion has received a legacy from a museum sponsor to fund the entire cost of the project. His bequest asked that environmental science as the focus of the new wing. The education director says that requests for programs dealing with environmental science are increasing. The present education space limits the ability to deliver hands-on environmental classes. The need for more space has become critical due to increase requests for classes and special programs related to the science. Current education department space handles approxi mately 120 students at one time. The education director has a waiting list of schools wanting to programs in the sciences to enhance learning experience of their students in the science disciplines (Chrysler Museum of Art, 2010). . Project The present museum structure has expanded twice in the last twenty years and has reached the limit of expansion capacity. The museum director recommended to the board of directors that the museum locate a building or vacant lot in close proximity to the main museum building as an education annex. A new facility offers potential to carry out the request of the legator that the new center concentrate on environmental science. An acquisition committee searched the available buildings and lots that fill the museum's vision of the annex. The city council stepped in with an offer of the Gotham Bank Building. The building is located close to the industrial section of the city, and in close proximity to the waterfront park. The building is five stories an d offers an opportunity to completely gut and renovate the building using green technologies. The site selected, a planning committee organized of professional museum staff, members of the museum's support staff, and the city assigned an engineer and building inspector to the committee to advise on the feasibility of possible renovation concepts. The planning committee

Biochemistry and Technology Essay Example for Free

Biochemistry and Technology Essay 1. For the lesson, I chose the topic of animal cloning for agricultural needs. 2. The sources I used are http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm106070.htm http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/how/areas-of-research/animal-cloning/ 3. Cloning has always been something of science fiction, the ability to make an exact copy of an organism. Recently though, this sci-fi idea is more of reality than ever. Many have heard of Dolly the sheep, a perfect clone, but cloning has been done many times throughout the world. Rabbits, horses, mice and others have been clone before. Since cloning only takes one parent cell, the offspring is an exact genetic replica of the first. Now, cloning for agriculture was one of the first marketing thoughts on the subject. If a farmer were to have just one healthy pig that could end up being 100 healthy pigs, it would get rid of the problem of genetic problems with farm animals. A 100% success rate would help the farming business greatly. 4. There are many positive aspects of cloning technology for the use of livestock trading. This technology would benefit all in the livestock circle. Imagine that every steak you came from the â€Å"near-perfect† cow. Each cow would have the genes of one â€Å"perfect† cow. This would give the consumer and producer less work of having to find the best of what they want. 5. Many fear that cloning could be used for the wrong purposes, the main being human testing. People fear that the testing of animals is just the first step to people. Another problem that people fear is that animals will start to less seem like animals and just soulless things. 6. So Dolly was not the first clone, and she looked like any other sheep, so why did she cause so much excitement and concern, since she was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, rather than an embryo. This was a major scientific achievement, but also raised ethical concerns.

Ethical Dilemma of Elective Induction

Ethical Dilemma of Elective Induction To Induce or Not to Induce? The Ethical Dilemma of Elective Induction Lets paint a picture. A 32-year-old patient gravida 1, para 0 presents at 38 weeks gestation and states that she would like to be induced the following day for personal reasons. She has not previous medical history which indicates that she is a high-risk pregnancy. She is electing to be induced.   Labor induction is the use of medications or other methods to stimulate contractions in the uterus to result in vaginal birth before labor has started on its own (). It can be a recommended if either the mother or fetus are at risk but sometimes, labor can be induced for nonmedical reasons and scheduled by the patient. Evidence suggests that there are no benefits to either mother or baby, however, there are several risks associated with inducing labor. These include but are not limited to infection in the mother and/or the baby, uterine rupture, increased risk of cesarean birth and death of the baby (). There has been a dramatic incline in the number of elective induced labors in the United States. Statistics show that there has been an increase in induced labor from 9.4% of births in 1990 to 23.2% in 2009 (). These increased rates can especially be seen among non-Hispanic White women with private or commercial insurance and more than 12 years of education (). While this increase alone is of significant concern, studies show an increase in induced labor during the preterm period, including the late preterm period between 34 through 36 weeks of gestation. This is especially alarming as this could have significant negative impacts on the infants overall development and health (). Our profession calls for dedication to nursing excellence through ethics, standards and best practice. Specifically, labor and delivery nurses as well as midwives are known for providing compassionate care and advocating for women to be actively involved in all aspects of their care. They have the responsibility of playing the delicate role of balancing each individuals right to birth as they desire while at the same time advocating to provide evidence-based practice levels of care and improving maternal and child birth outcomes. Therein lies the ethical conflict: how do you provide care that reflects the birthing parents unique needs (elective induction) while at the same time providing care that does not put birthing parent and/or baby at increased risk for negative outcomes. Some would argue that ethically, the birthing parent has autonomy over her body and should be able to decide the what, where, when and how around all medical procedures. While I do not disagree with this, we cannot risk the chance of violating other ethical values like nonmaleficence and beneficene because of autonomy. It is important that we fall back on the ethical principles and theories that shape our practice as nurses in order to make a decision that is ethically sound. Our primary responsibility and commitment, as stated by the first and second provisions of the ANA code of ethics are that we practice with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth and unique attributes of every person and our primary commitment is to our patient (). This includes providing patients with all the education they need. Research shows that 78% of women who elected to induce labor felt confident that they were knowledgeable about the procedure, however on further inquiry it was found that they in fact were not aware (). I firmly believe that it is our role and duty as nurses to provide care to each individual following the lines of what would make them most comfortable. In the same light, it is our role and duty as nurses to keep up to date on evidence based practice in order to provide up to date information to our patients and advocate for them. We walk the fine ethical line all the time and bear the load of providing the absolute best care to our patients by finding a balance between both patient desires and evidence based practice. We cannot let egoism play a role here by only considering that which is evidence-based care while ignoring the wishes of the birthing parent. However, tapping into the ethical theory of utilitarianism, we must look at all the benefits and risks involved. and together with the people involved make a decision that is best suitable for the birthing mother and baby.

Essay --

ISix Sigma It is a Philosophy Anything less than ideal is an opportunity for improvement Defects costs money Understanding processes and improving them is the most efficient way to achieve lasting results It is a Process To achieve this level of performance you need to: D efine, M easure, A nalyse, I mprove and C ontrol It is Statistics 6 Sigma processes will produce less than 3.4 defects per million opportunities 13. Overview of Six Sigma PAIN, URGENCY, SURVIVAL COSTS OUT GROWTH TRANSFORM THE ORGANIZATION CHANGE THE WORLD 6 SIGMA AS A STATISTICAL TOOL 6 SIGMA AS A PHILOSOPHY 6 SIGMA AS A PROCESS 14. The Villain Cost of Poorly Performing Processes ï  ³ level DPMO CP 3 2 308,537 Not Applicable 3 66,807 25%-40% of sales 4 6,210 15%-25% of sales 5 233 5%-15% of sales 6 3.4 15. C ost of Poorly Performing Processes The cost to deliver a quality product can account for as much as 40% of the sales price. For example, a laser jet printer purchased for $1,000 may have cost the manufacturer $400 in rework just to make sure that you took home an average-quality product. For a company whose annual revenues are $100 million and whose operating income is $10 million, the cost of quality is roughly 25% of the operating revenue, or $25 ... ...n - Warranty - Scrap - Rework - Rejects 30. COPQ v/s Sigma Level Cost of Quality % Sales Sigma Level 31. CTQ (Critical-To-Quality) CTQ characteristics for the process, service or process Measure of â€Å"What is important to Customer† 6 Sigma projects are designed to improve CTQ Examples: Waiting time in clinic Spelling mistakes in letter % of valves leaking in operation 32. Defect Opportunity Circumstances in which CTQ can fail to meet. Number of defect opportunities relate to complexity of unit. Complex units – Greater opportunities of defect than simple units Examples: A units has 5 parts, and in each part there are 3 opportunities of defects – Total defect opportunities are 5 x 3 = 15 33. DPO (Defect Per Opportunity) Number of defects divided by number of defect opportunities Examples: In previous case (15 defect opportunities), if 10 units have 2 defects. Defects per

Efficiency Increasing System by Using Preheating Method Essay

EFFICIENCY INCREASING SYSTEM BY USING PREHEATING METHOD METHODOLOGY The concept of increasing the fuel efficiency of a petrol engine in this project, is to pre-heat the intake air which is flowing through the carburetor. The humidity in the atmospheric air affects the petrol vapourisation in the carburettor. Therefore, by pre-heating the inlet air to the carburettor for a considerable amount, the vapourisation can be ease and in turn complete combustion is achieved. Moreover by reducing the water vapour to the engine, the steam formation in the engine can be reduced pitting of the engine cylinder, piston and exhaust pipe. Reference: http://seminarprojects.com/Thread-efficiency-increasing-system-by-using-preheating-method#ixzz2elrJlavP Most of the cars in today’s market give a maximum of 30 to 40 miles per gallon and hybrid cars giving upto 50 miles per gallon. The efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines used for this purpose is very low, about 25%. The heat generated during the combustion of fuel is converted into work to drive the car is wasted to the atmosphere, as anti-freeze(Ethylene Glycol) is used to cool the engine and circulated through a radiator which transfers the heat to the atmosphere. The heat generated by combustion of fuel such as gasoline or diesel is converted into the work because of the pressure created by the combustion process. In this invention, the heat is recovered by pre-heating/pressurizing the fresh air used for the process of combustion. The temperature of the pre-heated fresh air used for combustion is increased to above 1400 degrees Fahrenheit by passing through a heat exchanger to recover heat from combustible gases. Fresh air for combustion is heated to about 1400 degrees Fahrenheit. According to Thermodynamic Laws, by heating the air in a closed space with constant volume at room temperature to 1600 degrees F., the pressure is increased about to 50 psi. In order to have a higher pressure, the fresh air is first compressed upto 100 psi before passing through a heat exchanger. This will give the available working pressure of about 350 psi before

Health Unit Coordinator Essay

Health unit coordinators provide support in areas of the hospital where nursing care is provided to patients. They perform a variety of services to patients, visitors, and hospital management. Health unit coordinators receive new patients and give information and direction to visitors. They have good communication skills to perform the follow tasks: answering the telephone, providing information to the health professional staff, answering patient signals, and taking and delivering messages. see more:explain why it is important to assess health and safety risks Unit coordinators also need a working knowledge of medical terminology for transcribing doctors’ orders, copying and compiling information from patients’ charts, and scheduling tests and appointments for patients. Other duties include maintenance of records, maintenance and inventories of supplies and equipment. At the direction of nurses or doctors, the unit coordinator also makes emergency code calls. Specialty areas include reception, scheduling, communication, archive maintenance, clerical duties, coordination of non-clinical tasks, and safety. Most health unit coordinators work in hospitals. The work environment is often fast-paced with many activities in progress at any given time. Although health unit coordinators may receive on-the-job training, many hospitals prefer to hire those who graduated from formal education programs. These programs are offered by vocational schools, adult education centers, and community colleges and take a year or less to complete. In training programs, students receive a combination of classroom and clinical training. They learn clerical skills, medical terminology, hospital organization, legal and ethical responsibilities, transcription of doctors’ orders, computer operation, and other relevant courses.

Malcom x essays

Malcom x essays Humans are shaped through experiences and interactions with other individuals. What happened to us in the childhood directly forms our identity, character and morality. To display causality of this statement, I will examine childhood encounters of a man called Malcolm X and their impact. Malcolm Little, also known as Malcolm X experienced childhood full of obstacles. He had to face them only because of the dark color of his skin. Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska. He was the son of Earl Little, a Baptist preacher, and his wife, Louise. The family moved to Lansing, Michigan, shortly after Malcolms birth (Malcom X 1). Earl Little was an outspoken promoter of social and economic independence for blacks and a supporter of the "Back to Africa" movement of black nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. One of those obstacles was the murder of his father, who as Baptist minister fought for improvement of life of black community. Wrongful death of a head of the family bestowed intensive psychological pressures and financial difficulties on Malcom and his family. In 1931, Earl Little was killed, probably murdered by white terrorists because of his political and social activism. His fathers death had a disastrous effect on Malcolm and his family. His mother suffered a nervous breakdown. As soon as Malcoms mother unfairly lost her job because of her skin color, the welfare department took the eight little children away from her. Malcolm was placed in a foster home and then in reform school. In 1941 he went to live with his half-sister in Boston (Epps 17). Under these demoralizing circumstances at young age, he was pressured to violate the law to fulfill the very basic need for food. At the age of 17 he moved to Harlem in New York City. Known as Detroit Red, Malcolm turned to a life of crime, including drug dealing and armed robbery. When he was 20, Malcolm received a sentence of ten years in prison for burglary (...

7 Steps to Finding Success If You Drop Out of College

7 Steps to Finding Success If You Drop Out of College Think you can’t be successful if you drop out of college? Think again. Some of the biggest companies in the world were started by entrepreneurs who never finished school. While there are skills and experiences and accomplishments that any aspiring successful person will acquire in college, if you happen not to have finished (or you find yourself having dropped out and spiraling in a fit of panic), remember that it isn’t necessarily the end of the world. Here are a few things you can do if you dropped out to get yourself back on a good track to success.1. Breathe.First take a deep breath and realize it’s your life. You are in control. If this is what you need and you can still accomplish what you want to in life without this degree? Then great. Start making concrete plans and working towards that goal.2. Keep learning.Education doesn’t necessarily end with school. Neither should yours. Continue learning as voraciously as possible- following what interests y ou most and what you’d need to know to expand your career outside of school. Don’t fall into ignorance or stagnation just because you needed to stop attending college.3. Keep taking risks.Dropping out to pursue other options is a big risk. If it pays off for you, continue thinking of other ways you can take calculated risks in pursuit of your destiny. Keep pushing for your dreams. You’ve already shown you have the guts. Persist!4. Find your real-life community.Just because you aren’t in college anymore doesn’t mean you don’t need professors and â€Å"classmates.† Find yourself mentors. Present yourself to people in your desired field  and show your willingness to learn. You’ll probably get a good recommendation out of it at some stage in your career. Similarly, find your crew of like-minded, similarly-oriented people who you can build your empire (or at least a business) with. Learn from each other and promote each other†™s work.5. Don’t ditch responsibilities.Whatever your new class equivalent is- show up for it. Don’t blow things off just because you aren’t technically required to show up anymore. Push yourself and give yourself grades! This is equally important for work. Get a job and show up at it- on time and consistently.6. Don’t be defensive.You can’t have it both ways. If you didn’t finish school, you can’t very well complain that other people did and it makes you feel bad. Remember you chose your priorities and your life. It was your choice. Be honest about why and don’t take any negativity  from anyone if they react unfairly.7. Be humble.Be willing to work from the bottom up. Get in on the entry level of whatever field you most want to work in. Be willing to start low on the totem pole. With a little humility and dedication, you probably won’t be down there long.

Accounting Theory Effect on Positive Approach to Accounting Research

The positive approach to accounting research has examined in this research. This research is intended to done to find out the causes and effect on positive approach to accounting research. In the context of accounting this research is done to find out the cause for the cause of face to face interaction is replaced by in-personal behaviors for making various decisions. The ontological and epistemological assumptions to find out the significance of positive accounting research, for this purpose the various empirical studies has been done in order to find out the significance of positive accounting theory (Zmijewsk,2012). The main argument that can be discussed to critic includes the ontology and epistemology of positive research, the theoretical model has discussed, measurement to test the theoretical model, shifting from testing to estimation of hypothesis, there is need of data archives for measuring important concept and finally the extensive replication needed. The author of the study has claimed Positive Accounting Theory for conducting his related research. The paper is emphasizing on the broader view with the intention to develop the casual concept explaining the behavior of human in accounting setting other than the exist example. The examination of this program is based on ontology and epistemology. The rationale of measurable theory testing, while externally practically equivalent to Popper's misrepresentation basis, is substantially weaker. The program which has been used in the research is potentially powerful, the major problems that had identified in the research are the casual construction for the model to be tested, the undue reliance on hypothesis test logic has determined, lack of interest has identified in the parameter of the numerical values, the insufficient amount of replication has recognized, and the decision are based on the qualitative approach for examination   rather to be tested on the basis of quantitative appro ach. Several of the good empirical studies has considered for the Illustration purpose (Chen, 2013). In accounting a positive approach is currently focused, in order to achieve the scientific objectives. Since the Kuhn’s portrayal of normal sciences has fits into the great positive accounting research. The probabilities are quickly talked about Kuhnian upheaval and crises to accomplish its potential which may be free of positive accounting. The research question has been formed as per according to the stated hypothesis in the given article which are stated as follows: Does there is the world exist which is independent to our imagination? Does the events are completely random or intervention of the world itself? Does the focus of intellectual enquiry is to use the observation which helps to gain the world’s understanding? Does the normal people are fairly obtaining the reliable information about world’s event? The author of the study has a keen focused on the events that has been occurred eventually or on interventional basis. The author’s stated hypothesis and research questions are followed by literature review which is based on the positive accounting theories and its related issues. The critics are done on the main points that has represented by the author of the study which is based on ontology and epistemology of positive research and its falsification and hypothesis testing. The author of the study said that positive accounting theory is a trademark term, it means that as compared to the other particular theories the positive research is found broader. After studying the empirical studies it has found an argumentative point that in differ types of organization the concept of accounting is are the main caused behind the self-interest of many parties that interact with one and other through express and implied contract. This is the factor which is not only encouraged by the organization’s manger but the decision is also made by the regulator and other expert of academics (Huber, 2014). The author of the study said that these decisions are useful to the organization but rationally it is not linked with positive accounting theory. From the second empirical studied the author of the study is found to be in the support of the discussion, the author of the study has said that about 80% of the rational behavior is correct, but the examination might not be done on the exact basis. Its need to be concerned that without getting assuming the rational behavior how it could be possible for auditors to make judgments. From the empirical study it has been elaborated that the positive accounting theory are not found more border then positive accounting research. The causes which are defined due to the non-rational aspect of psychology of humans qualify positive which is considered as the scientific accounting research (Cato, 2016). According to the author of study it is presented that it is not necessary that all researches are qualified for the circumstances that positive accounting research   don’t find similar to the scientific accounting research. Some of the open question pursue under interpretive research.   It has been found in the study that human rationality is socially- constructed therefore they cannot observe the world of its own circumstances, the description of other participant is also involve. It has been raised as an argumentative discussion that the program that has been constructing with the aim to fulfill the objectives is because of the accounting futile phenomena. It has been said in the argumentative discussion to the point that how advocated is the interpretive study of the presumptions of positive look (Bhaskar, 2013). The socially built nature of the truth is not an insuperable issue: termite hills and wolf packs are socially developed, yet are passably agreeable to logical review. Interpretive evaluates contend that "people are distinctive," yet that is at present a matter of attestation instead of exact confirmation: we basically don't comprehend what lived encounters and shared implications go into the social development of a wolf pack (Lucas, 2014). According to the author of the study it has been found that the proper criteria of the research are needed to be evaluated. The collection of data should be done by the evolvement of many scientific researches. A researcher needs to be well focused while evaluating whether to choose qualitative technique or quantitative techniques for conducting research. The author if the study stated that the accumulation of data can be suggested by sine other inductively but the author also defined that the induction is not the only possibility that make the theory correct. The author stated that the any kind of induction cannot be able to prove the theory. From the other empirical study it has found that the author is in the support the logic over the acceptance of various theories that evolved over the centuries and the popper is the base of understanding. Working regular researchers, when they consider logic of science by any stretch of the imagination, have a tendency to acknowledge Popper's p ortrayal as genuinely near what they do. Fundamentally, the system might be abridged as takes after: (b) Develop a formal hypothesis, with testable expectations, that is reliable with all present important and solid experimental proof. The expectations require not be quantitative, but rather quantitative expectations are favored where conceivable in light of the fact that they are more powerless to distortion. (c) Test the expectations of the new hypothesis against new perceptions in circumstances where the new and old speculations make diverse expectations. Dismiss whichever hypothesis comes up short the test, once the result is clear (so that observational mistakes, for instance, can't drive the outcome). (d) Repeat steps (b) and (c) until the end of time The author of the study said in the argumentative way that numerous sciences are to a great extent or entirely quantitative, and sciences frequently move toward becoming more quantitative as they develop. Be that as it may, there are numerous respectable subjective sciences, (for example, plant science, geography and zoology); and some effective speculations, (for example, Darwin's hypothesis of development) are simply qualitative.16 It is a typical mix-up in the sociologies to expect that positive and quantitative research are the same, prompting significant perplexity in considering inquire about which is sure however subjective. The author from the other empirical studies supported a point in favors by stated as or, on the other hand all the relapse based reviews, what amount do we truly know concerning how reviewers, themselves, value a review? How do they decide a delicate offer and what recognizes the conduct also, introduction systems of review accomplices or firms with higher achievement rates in winning review tenders? What number of review firms values their reviews utilizing broad/point by point relapse conditions? The author of the study found that the positive accounting theory is useful if the circumstances will focused significantly. It has found that the positive accounting theories are providing a base to demonstrate that target objective of accounting is achieved more efficiently by the implications of correct theory model. It has been analyzed that there is a need to focus on the quantitative approach as well instead of only making their focus strong on the qualitative measurement. The program that has been used in the research is seems potentially powerful.   The positive approach is found useful for the organization in order to archive the target goals of accounting effectively.   The author of the study found that the correct use of model and principle are essential for achieving the stated accounting goals. The limitations while conducting the research includes the limitation of time and cost. The limitation is faced while distributing the questionnaire. The biasness also occurred from the researcher’s side and it is totally unavoidable. The research is done in with the very limited scope because of the limited time frame. The answer of some question is not fully understandable there must be lackness in answering some questions. The margin of error is always associated. The positive way to deal with accounting research has inspected in this exploration. This exploration is planned to done to discover the causes and impact on positive way to deal with accounting research. With regards to accounting this examination is done to discover the reason for the reason for eye to eye connection is swapped by in-individual practices for settling on different choices. The ontological and epistemological suppositions to discover the criticalness of positive accounting research, for this reason the different exact reviews has been done with a specific end goal to discover the hugeness of positive accounting hypothesis (Zmijewsk,2012). The fundamental contention that can be talked about to faultfinder incorporates the metaphysics and epistemology of positive research, the hypothetical model has examined, estimation to test the hypothetical model, moving from testing to estimation of speculation, there is need of information documents for measuring imperative idea lastly the broad replication required. The creator of the review has guaranteed Positive Accounting Theory for directing his related research. The paper is stressing on the more extensive view with the aim to build up the easygoing idea clarifying the conduct of human in accounting setting other than the exist case. The examination of this program depends on philosophy and epistemology. The method of reasoning of quantifiable hypothesis testing, while remotely essentially proportional to Popper's distortion premise, is considerably weaker. The program which has been utilized as a part of the exploration is possibly intense, the real issues that had distinguished in the exploration are the easygoing development for the model to be tried, the undue dependence on speculation test rationale has decided, absence of intrigue has distinguished in the parameter of the numerical qualities, the inadequate measure of replication has perceived, and the choice depend on the subjective approach f or examination rather to be tried on the premise of quantitative approach. A few of the great exact reviews has considered for the Illustration reason (Chen, 2013). In accounting a positive approach is right now engaged, with a specific end goal to accomplish the logical destinations. Since the Kuhn's depiction of ordinary sciences has fits into the considerable positive accounting research. The probabilities are immediately discussed Kuhnian change and emergencies to fulfill its potential which might be free of positive accounting. Zmijewski, Mark E., and Robert L. Hagerman. "An income strategy approach to the positive theory of accounting standard setting/choice."  Journal of accounting and Economics  3, no. 2 (1981): 129-149. Chen, W., Hribar, P., & Melessa, S. (2016). Two-stage regression analysis and biased estimates in accounting research: An application of the Frisch-Waugh-Lovell theorem. Ecker, F. (2016). Review of Recent Research on Improving Earnings Forecasts and Evaluating Accounting?based Estimates of the Expected Rate of Return on Equity Capital. Discussion of Easton and Monahan.  Abacus,  52(1), 59-69. Beattie, V. (2014). Accounting narratives and the narrative turn in accounting research: Issues, theory, methodology, methods and a research framework.  The British Accounting Review,  46(2), 111-134. Christensen, H. B., Lee, E., Walker, M., & Zeng, C. (2015). Incentives or standards: What determines accounting quality changes around IFRS adoption?.  European Accounting Review,  24(1), 31-61. Miller, G. S., & Skinner, D. J. (2015). The evolving disclosure landscape: How changes in technology, the media, and capital markets are affecting disclosure.  Journal of Accounting Research,  53(2), 221-239. Casey, R. J., & Grenier, J. H. (2014). Understanding and contributing to the enigma of corporate social responsibility (CSR) assurance in the United States.  Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory,  34(1), 97-130. Huber, D. (2015). ON THE HEGEMONY OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING RESEARCH: A SURVEY OF ACCOUNTING RESEARCH SEEN FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE.  Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research,  11(1). Christensen, A. L., Cote, J., & Latham, C. K. (2016). Insights regarding the applicability of the defining issues test to advance ethics research with accounting students: A meta-analytic review.  Journal of Business Ethics,  133(1), 141-163. Bhaskar, R. (2014).  The possibility of naturalism: A philosophical critique of the contemporary human sciences. Routledge. Lucas, S. R. (2014). Beyond the existence proof: ontological conditions, epistemological implications, and in-depth interview research.  Quality & Quantity,  48(1), 387-408.

Small Business Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Small Business Finance - Essay Example Another is the Firestone Energy Limited, which classifies, assesses, develops mineral survey and mining schemes mainly situated in Australia and Africa, and discovers coal (Firestone energy, 2011). Legal Ownership Structure As at the time of the prospectus; Exterra Resources Limited owned rights to obtain full interest in the Linden Gold operation to be found at the southern part of the Laverton Tectonic Zone, on the eastern border of the Norseman-Wiluna belt; and the Egerton scheme sited in the Gascoyne region on the northern boundary of Yilgarn Craton. The firm also has rights to get hold of 90% interest Leonora Gold venture found in the Archaean Norseman-Wiluna belt, at the east of Leonora in the Murrin Greenstone Belt (Exterra Resources Limited, 2011). In 2009, this company was also incorporated and was found in West Perth, Australia. Likewise, Firestone Energy Limited was given the Mining Right authorization to quarry coal for three decades on the seven properties enclosed in th e venture by the Mineral Resources sector in South Africa. The authorization was in condition that a sum of A$1million to be paid in 10 days, which was to be a set down for the Mine Rehabilitation requirement (Firestone energy, 2011). ... There were resources and main targets for instant drilling on record (Exterra Resource Limited, 2011). In addition, diamond drilling outcome for the three ventures was reliable with past drilling and with various catches having observable gold. Simultaneously, offer from Firestone Energy was not countersigned. The issuers were moved by the fact that, the company had joint business enterprises with international black cost-effective empowerment mining and Power Company with more than eight firms in the Waterberg coalfield, where it intended to enlarge a coal mining scheme. They needed to exploit investor’s significance by supplying and increasing possible mineral plans. They also wanted a rapid investigation plan to develop the Waterberg source. Signaling Mechanism that Issuer’s used There are so many indicators that the issuers in the two companies have used. Such like, how the offer would affect the company and its net asset per share the effects that the issue will ha ve to the monetary status of the business. The productivity and -trade and industry risks, foreign exchange rate variations, risk of the offer to the company and the capital obligation, as well. Furthermore, they have considered the environmental threats, discovering of economic resources and the extent of success of the ventures (Firestone Energy, 2010). They also raised concern on access to land and their access to additional capital. The issuers should utilize these signals to allow the prospects and then public at large to evaluate the situations and be able to make independent decisions. These will always guide on how trustworthy the offer is and how much beneficial it will be to the

International Marketing - Viagress Marketing Strategy Case Study

International Marketing - Viagress Marketing Strategy - Case Study Example The product is suited for Germany the major factor being age. The decision of launching this product in Germany also was because of these factors.†¢ Excellent Medical Facilities in Germany.†¢ Strict vigilance over health care system.†¢ 9 huge cities to cater to.The product itself is a strong contender for its success, as it has shown highly positive results in females, that is out of every 10 women 8 have had extreme pleasure during intercourse with the use of this drug.Promotional StrategyThe major support would be given through the name Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, as this organization experienced a huge success with Viagra the drug that helped males have an enhanced erection. Advertisements, Billboards, and direct marketing would be used as an effective promotional strategy.   Explicit content would be avoided during advertisements and emphasis would be given on opinions from females who have used the drug. While formulating the promotional strategy special care would be taken about the culture and norms of the people of Germany.Pricing StrategyThe price of this product is devised by keeping in mind the production cost. Other reasons that would influence the price would be the prices of competitors. As the manufacturing would not be taking place in Germany hence the shipping and transportation costs would also be included in the manufacturing costs.PlacingThe product does not have a target audience according to socio-economic class. The basic target market is defined by age factor. As we discussed majority female population in Germany is in between 40 – 55 and the drug is most effective for this age group hence the product would be placed in greater quantity in areas where this age group exists in majority. This though does not restrict the placing procedure because Germany has nine big cities and all of them would be catered according to the demand and target audience. Channels of Distribution The distribution would be done through retailers who would supply the drug to drug outlets that is to chemists. From there it would be sold to the customers. The product would be available without a doctor’s prescription hence Super Stores would also be able to sell the product. This is due to the success of Viagress both for women who have difficulty in sexual arousals and who do not. Modes of Entry This would be not an easy task as the product is being launched for the first time and as the success rate is 8 out of 10 women it might be possible that the 20% can be the first time users, hence a safe path would be selected to penetrate the market. A major advantage to Viagress is the huge chunk of market that is available for them to take over. The organization would first show and explain the success of the drug Viagra for males and then explain functions of Viagress in order to spread awareness among the people about what the product does. Summary After the successful launch of Viagra for males in U.S. Pfizer Pharmaceuticals are really looking forward to their second product to provide them with the same kind of success. There are certain

Internet technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internet technology - Essay Example In addition, news can be received almost within a minute of their happening; and lastly, it has resulted in unintended threats such as cyber attacks among others. A new collaborative environment has developed on the internet in the past few years. People who would otherwise have not known each other or possibly interacted only a few years ago can now share information over the internet over extremely long distances and in different time zones. This has led to the development of new ideas which without the internet would never have come to into existence. A consequence of this is the reduction of physical interaction between people which has now become more or less non-physical. This lack of physical interaction has led to most people living a very artificial life which they can twist into anything they would like to be, although in most cases, they can be considered lies. The internet has reduced the personal safety of its users because such people of child predators tend to establish initial contact with children online and lure them into very dangerous situations. Furthermore, verbal attacks and malicious messages can be delivered online with little or no censorship because the internet has no single governing entity. An additional result of there not being an entity to control the internet has been its contribution to the violation of copyright law through the illegal distribution of copyrighted material on the internet by individuals. This denies the creators of such material as movies, music, and books the right to earn royalties from their work and it has instead led to its use without their consent. The past recent years has seen the emergence of multibillion dollar social network companies based on friendships and photos. Social networking has become big business online with such major social networks as Facebook, Twitter, and My Space collecting huge revenues from advertising and the sale of their users’ personal information to other commercial

Human Trafficking-Sheila Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Trafficking-Sheila - Essay Example It is clear that pornography has been on ascending in the recent past, and the profits generated by the industry are such an exorbitant amount especially the child pornography (Rafferty, 2013). The young generation is therefore in danger of the crime. The offenders see the market gap and recruit more children into the vice (Hardy, Compton, & McPhatter, 2013). The child human trafficking hence finds valid reasons to transport them across the world. The recruited individuals are forcefully made to participate in the acts that are used to distribute across the mother earth. According to a study by Troung, (2013) more than half of the child trafficking occurs due to demand of domestic workers. Other studies indicate similar trends to continue, and the transportation of the child human trafficking is bound to persist. Various families have shown aspiration to have domestic workers within their ranks. Due to increased poverty, the children are easily lured into the crime (Masten, 2014). Their employers in turn mistreat them while the offenders of the child human trafficking go on with the recruitment of more children. It is a primary concern that motivates the child human trafficking. Children are seen as a source of labor in the society. The traffickers recruit them and make them work for no compensation or little income that does not resemble their output (Rafferty, 2013). They make more profits and get the urge to hire more to sustain their production. The children are made to works tirelessly under no protection that is a violation of their rights while conscription is kept across the globe (Brayley & Cockbain, 2014). Contemporary studies have indicated that not only in the past was the children recruited as soldiers but in the modern era as well. Various war groups, particularly in the Middle East, have shown the trend to recruit young personnel in their ranks to defend and carry out

NY Courts Gov Attorneys Grievance Complaint Assignment

NY Courts Gov Attorneys Grievance Complaint - Assignment Example The website is quite informative in the role of Disciplinary and Grievances Committee and the areas where one can lodge complain in case of a dispute. It gives the location of the office and the jurisdiction of those offices. This would help clients from visiting the wrong office which cannot handle their dispute case. Nevertheless, the client should be advised on the procedures detailing the time-frame which complains should be heard and the kind of cases that the committee can handle. Website 1 is best structured compared to the rest. Navigation over the website is quite easy. The information is also detailed and organized in a coherent manner whereby when one goes through the webpage, it is easier to learn what it is all about. The language used also is devoid of technical words that might lead to the clients not understanding or understanding the wrong thing. Simply put, it is easy to understand. The user-interface is also both appealing and simple thus making it

Internet technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internet technology - Essay Example In addition, news can be received almost within a minute of their happening; and lastly, it has resulted in unintended threats such as cyber attacks among others. A new collaborative environment has developed on the internet in the past few years. People who would otherwise have not known each other or possibly interacted only a few years ago can now share information over the internet over extremely long distances and in different time zones. This has led to the development of new ideas which without the internet would never have come to into existence. A consequence of this is the reduction of physical interaction between people which has now become more or less non-physical. This lack of physical interaction has led to most people living a very artificial life which they can twist into anything they would like to be, although in most cases, they can be considered lies. The internet has reduced the personal safety of its users because such people of child predators tend to establish initial contact with children online and lure them into very dangerous situations. Furthermore, verbal attacks and malicious messages can be delivered online with little or no censorship because the internet has no single governing entity. An additional result of there not being an entity to control the internet has been its contribution to the violation of copyright law through the illegal distribution of copyrighted material on the internet by individuals. This denies the creators of such material as movies, music, and books the right to earn royalties from their work and it has instead led to its use without their consent. The past recent years has seen the emergence of multibillion dollar social network companies based on friendships and photos. Social networking has become big business online with such major social networks as Facebook, Twitter, and My Space collecting huge revenues from advertising and the sale of their users’ personal information to other commercial

NY Courts Gov Attorneys Grievance Complaint Assignment

NY Courts Gov Attorneys Grievance Complaint - Assignment Example The website is quite informative in the role of Disciplinary and Grievances Committee and the areas where one can lodge complain in case of a dispute. It gives the location of the office and the jurisdiction of those offices. This would help clients from visiting the wrong office which cannot handle their dispute case. Nevertheless, the client should be advised on the procedures detailing the time-frame which complains should be heard and the kind of cases that the committee can handle. Website 1 is best structured compared to the rest. Navigation over the website is quite easy. The information is also detailed and organized in a coherent manner whereby when one goes through the webpage, it is easier to learn what it is all about. The language used also is devoid of technical words that might lead to the clients not understanding or understanding the wrong thing. Simply put, it is easy to understand. The user-interface is also both appealing and simple thus making it

Sparco Paints Essay Example for Free

Sparco Paints Essay Sika Paint Industries (Pvt) Limited is the manufacturer of the leading brand â€Å"SPARCO† commonly known by its trademark SPARCO Paints in the domestic and the international market. Sika has steadily and progressively marched into newer heights of popularity and accomplishments in the past more than two decades of its inspection. The company was founded by Malik Muhammad Javaid Iqbal in 1988 as a sole proprietorship concern led its fast growth with dynamism to make it a private limited company in 2004. Ever since, the world of possibilities has never stopped coming around for the company. Dynamic Success From a small business to a dynamic enterprise, Sika Paint Industries has consistently set foot through major cornerstones of its industry, gaining numerous milestones and nationwide recognition to its credit. The company has met the growing demand of its huge industry through steady development of its product range resulting in not only a major market share but a larger base of loyal customers having good standing with them. Over the years, the quality of its brand Sparco Paints has remained unscathed and caters to both the local and international export market. Our Reasons of Growth Amongst its many success factors, the deployment of technology, innovation and robust marketing and branding activities have led to the rapid growth of Sparco Paints. The company concentrates primarily on decorative, industrial, auto, wood finishes and road marking paints for which the company owns the state-of-the-art manufacturing establishment equipped with latest machinery and laboratory facilities. Center of Effective Research The company actively engages up-to-date research to boost the economic value of its paints and strives to improve its product quality with each passing day. The extensive research for innovative product knowledge and methods to engineer the product quality constantly invigorates its existence. The company has engaged in constant researching for best practices for the product development and hence successful in completely retaining its valued customers. Having received the ISO 9001:2008 quality control standard certification for its unmatched quality, the company implements its intricate quality assurance policies at all manufacturing stages including the procurement of raw material, its handling, work in progress, packing, finishing and the timely delivery of end products to the customer. The company firmly believes on providing the paint products of premium quality with intense technical support and color advisory services. The company promises to provide excellent service and achieve its objectives through experienced and well trained professionals of the industry and competitive pricing.

Supervised Image Classification Techniques

Supervised Image Classification Techniques Introduction In this chapter, a review of Web-Based GIS Technology and Satellite image classification techniques. Section 2.2 presents a review of Web-Based GIS Technology.in section 2.3 Satellite images classification techniques are reviewed.In section 2.4 presents the related work .section 2.5 presents uses of web based GIS applications in real world. Section 2.6 presents available commercial web GIS sites. Section 2.7 reviews the types of Geospatial Web Services (OGC) 2.3 Image Classification Image classification is a procedure to automatically categorize all pixels in an Image of a terrain into land cover classes. Normally, multispectral data are used to Perform the classification of the spectral pattern present within the data for each pixel is used as the numerical basis for categorization. This concept is dealt under the Broad subject, namely, Pattern Recognition. Spectral pattern recognition refers to the Family of classification procedures that utilizes this pixel-by-pixel spectral information as the basis for automated land cover classification. Spatial pattern recognition involves the categorization of image pixels on the basis of the spatial relationship with pixels surrounding them. Image classification techniques are grouped into two types, namely supervised and unsupervised[1]. The classification process may also include features, Such as, land surface elevation and the soil type that are not derived from the image. Two categories of classification are contain ed different types of techniques can be seen in fig Fig. 1 Flow Chart showing Image Classification[1] 2.3 Basic steps to apply Supervised Classification A supervised classification algorithm requires a training sample for each class, that is, a collection of data points known to have come from the class of interest. The classification is thus based on how close a point to be classified is to each training sample. We shall not attempt to define the word close other than to say that both Geometric and statistical distance measures are used in practical pattern recognition algorithms. The training samples are representative of the known classes of interest to the analyst. Classification methods that relay on use of training patterns are called supervised classification methods[1]. The three basic steps (Fig. 2) involved in a typical supervised classification procedure are as follows: Fig. 2. Basic steps supervised classification [1] (i) Training stage: The analyst identifies representative training areas and develops numerical descriptions of the spectral signatures of each land cover type of interest in the scene. (ii) The classification stag(Decision Rule)e: Each pixel in the image data set IS categorized into the land cover class it most closely resembles. If the pixel is insufficiently similar to any training data set it is usually labeled Unknown. (iii) The output stage: The results may be used in a number of different ways. Three typical forms of output products are thematic maps, tables and digital data files which become input data for GIS. The output of image classification becomes input for GIS for spatial analysis of the terrain. Fig. 2 depicts the flow of operations to be performed during image classification of remotely sensed data of an area which ultimately leads to create database as an input for GIS. Plate 6 shows the land use/ land cover color coded image, which is an output of image 2.3.1 Decision Rule in image classiffication After the signatures are defined, the pixels of the image are sorted into classes based on the signatures by use of a classification decision rule. The decision rule is a mathematical algorithm that, using data contained in the signature, performs the actual sorting of pixels into distinct class values[2]. There are a number of powerful supervised classifiers based on the statistics, which are commonly, used for various applications. A few of them are a minimum distance to means method, average distance method, parallelepiped method, maximum likelihood method, modified maximum likelihood method, Baysians method, decision tree classification, and discriminant functions. Decision Rule can be classified into two types: 1- Parametric Decision Rule: A parametric decision rule is trained by the parametric signatures. These signatures are defined by the mean vector and covariance matrix for the data file values of the pixels in the signatures. When a parametric decision rule is used, every pixel is assigned to a class since the parametric decision space is continuous[3] 2-Nonparametric Decision Rule A nonparametric decision rule is not based on statistics; therefore, it is independent of the properties of the data. If a pixel is located within the boundary of a nonparametric signature, then this decision rule assigns the pixel to the signatures class. Basically, a nonparametric decision rule determines whether or not the pixel is located inside of nonparametric signature boundary[3] . 2.3.2 supervised algorithm for image classiffication The principles and working algorithms of all these supervised classifiers are derived as follow : Parallelepiped Classification Parallelepiped classification, sometimes also known as box decision rule, or level-slice procedures, are based on the ranges of values within the training data to define regions within a multidimensional data space. The spectral values of unclassified pixels are projected into data space; those that fall within the regions defined by the training data are assigned to the appropriate categories [1]. In this method a parallelepiped-like (i.e., hyper-rectangle) subspace is defined for each class. Using the training data for each class the limits of the parallelepiped subspace can be defined either by the minimum and maximum pixel values in the given class, or by a certain number of standard deviations on either side of the mean of the training data for the given class . The pixels lying inside the parallelepipeds are tagged to this class. Figure depicts this criterion in cases of two-dimensional feature space[4]. Fig. 3. Implementation of the parallelepiped classification method for three classes using two spectral bands, after[4]. Minimum Distance Classification for supervised classification, these groups are formed by values of pixels within the training fields defined by the analyst.Each cluster can be represented by its centroid, often defined as its mean value. As unassigned pixels are considered for assignment to one of the several classes, the multidimensional distance to each cluster centroid is calculated, and the pixel is then assigned to the closest cluster. Thus the classification proceeds by always using the minimum distance from a given pixel to a cluster centroid defined by the training data as the spectral manifestation of an informational class. Minimum distance classifiers are direct in concept and in implementation but are not widely used in remote sensing work. In its simplest form, minimum distance classification is not always accurate; there is no provision for accommodating differences in variability of classes, and some classes may overlap at their edges. It is possible to devise more sophisticated versions of the basi c approach just outlined by using different distance measures and different methods of defining cluster centroids.[1] Fig. 4. Minimum distance classifier[1] The Euclidean distance is the most common distance metric used in low dimensional data sets. It is also known as the L2 norm. The Euclidean distance is the usual manner in which distance is measured in real world. In this sense, Manhattan distance tends to be more robust to noisy data. Euclidean distance = (1) Where x and y are m-dimensional vectors and denoted by x = (x1, x2, x3 xm) and y = (y1, y2, y3 ym) represent the m attribute values of two classes. [5]. While Euclidean metric is useful in low dimensions, it doesnt work well in high dimensions and for categorical variables. Mahalanobis Distance Mahalanobis Distance is similar to Minimum Distance, except that the covariance matrix is used in the equation. Mahalanobis distance is a well-known statistical distance function. Here, a measure of variability can be incorporated into the distance metric directly. Mahalanobis distance is a distance measure between two points in the space defined by two or more correlated variables. That is to say, Mahalanobis distance takes the correlations within a data set between the variable into consideration. If there are two non-correlated variables, the Mahalanobis distance between the points of the variable in a 2D scatter plot is same as Euclidean distance. In mathematical terms, the Mahalanobis distance is equal to the Euclidean distance when the covariance matrix is the unit matrix. This is exactly the case then if the two columns of the standardized data matrix are orthogonal. The Mahalanobis distance depends on the covariance matrix of the attribute and adequately accounts for the corr elations. Here, the covariance matrix is utilized to correct the effects of cross-covariance between two components of random variable[6, 7]. D=(X-Mc)T (COVc)-1(X-Mc) ( 2) where D = Mahalanobis Distance, c = a particular class, X = measurement vector of the candidate pixel Mc = mean vector of the signature of class c, Covc = covariance matrix of the pixels in the signature of class c, Covc-1 = inverse of Covc, T = transposition function[3]. Maximum Likelihood Classification In nature the classes that we classify exhibit natural variation in their spectral patterns. Further variability is added by the effects of haze, topographic shadowing, system noise, and the effects of mixed pixels. As a result, remote sensing images seldom record spectrally pure classes; more typically, they display a range of brightnesss in each band. The classification strategies considered thus far do not consider variation that may be present within spectral categories and do not address problems that arise when frequency distributions of spectral values from separate categories overlap. The maximum likelihood (ML) procedure is the most common supervised method used with remote sensing. It can be described as a statistical approach to pattern recognition where the probability of a pixel belonging to each of a predefined set of classes is calculated; hence the pixel is assigned to the class with the highest probability [4]MLC is based on the Bayesian probability formula. Bayes Classification: The MLC decision rule is based on a normalized (Gaussian) estimate of the probability density function of each class [8]. Hence, under this assumption and using the mean vector along with the covariance matrix, the distribution of a category response pattern can be completely described [9]. Given these parameters, the statistical probability of a given pixel value can be computed for being a member of a particular class. The pixel would be assigned to the class with highest probability value or be labelled unknown if the probability values are all below a threshold set by the user [10]. Let the spectral classes for an image be represented by à Ã¢â‚¬ °i, i = 1, . . . M Where, M is the total number of classes. In order to determine the class to which a pixel vector x belongs; the conditional probabilities of interest should be followed. P( à Ã¢â‚¬ °i|x), i = 1, . . . M The measurement vector x is a column of Digital Numbers (DN) values for the pixel, where its dimension depends on the number of input bands. This vector describes the pixel as a point in multispectral space with co-ordinates defined by the DNs (Figure 2-20). Fig. 4.Feature space and how a feature vector is plotted in the feature space [9] The probability p(à Ã¢â‚¬ °i |x) gives the likelihood that the correct class is à Ã¢â‚¬ °i for a pixel at position x. Classification is performed according to: x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  à Ã¢â‚¬ °i if p à Ã¢â‚¬ °i |x > p à Ã¢â‚¬ °j |x) for all j à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   i3 i.e., the pixel at x belongs to class à Ã¢â‚¬ °i if p(à Ã¢â‚¬ °i|x) is the largest. This general approach is called Bayes classification which works as an intuitive decision for the Maximum Likelihood Classifier method [11]. From this discussion one may ask how can the available p(x|à Ã¢â‚¬ °i) can be related from the training data set, to the desired p(à Ã¢â‚¬ °i|x) and the answer is again found in Bayes theorem [12]. From this discussion one may ask how can the available p(x|à Ã¢â‚¬ °i) can be related from the training data set, to the desired p(à Ã¢â‚¬ °i|x) and the answer is again found in Bayes theorem [12]. p (à Ã¢â‚¬ °i|x)= p (x|à Ã¢â‚¬ °i) p (à Ã¢â‚¬ °i )/p(x) 4 Where p(à Ã¢â‚¬ °i ) is the probability that class à Ã¢â‚¬ °i occurs in the image and also called a priori or prior probabilities. And p(x) is the probability of finding a pixel from any class at location x. Maximum Likelihood decision rule is based on the probability that a pixel belongs to a particular class. The basic equation assumes that these probabilities are equal for all classes, and that the input bands have normal distributions as in [13] D = ln(ac)-[0.5ln(|Covc|)]-[0.5(X-Mc)T(Cov-1)(X-Mc)] 6 Where: D = weighted distance (likelihood),c = a particular class,X = measurement vector of the candidate pixel, Mc =mean vector of the sample of class c,ac =percent probability that any candidate pixel is a member ofclass c,(Defaults to 1.0, or is entered from a priori knowledge),Covc = covariance matrix of the pixels in the sample of class c,|Covc| = determinant of Covariance (matrix algebra),Covc-1 = inverse of Covariance (matrix algebra) ln = natural logarithm function = transposition function (matrix algebra). 4- Comparison supervised classification techniques: One of the most important keys to classify land use or land cover using suitable techniques the table showed advantages and disadvantages of each techniques [3] : techniques advantage disadvantage Parallelepiped Fast and simple, calculations are made, thus cutting processing Not dependent on normal distributions. Since parallelepipeds have corners, pixels that are actually quite far, spectrally, from the mean of the signature may be classified Minimum Distance Classification Since every pixel is spectrally closer to either one sample mean or another, there are no unclassified pixels. Fastest decision rule to compute, except for parallelepiped Pixels that should be unclassified,, this problem is alleviated by thresholding out the pixels that are farthest from the means of their classes. Does not consider class variability Mahalanobis Distance Takes the variability of classes into account, unlike Minimum Distance or Parallelepiped Tends to overclassify signatures with relatively large values in the covariance matrix. Slower to compute than Parallelepiped or Minimum Distance Maximum Likelihood Most accurate of the classifiers In classification. Takes the variability of classes into account by using the covariance matrix, as does Mahalanobis Distance An extensive equation that takes a long time to compute Maximum Likelihood is parametric, meaning that it relies heavily on anormal distribution of the data in each input band 5- accuracy assessment No classification is complete until its accuracy has been assessed [10]In this context the accuracy means the level of agreement between labels assigned by the classifier and class allocation on the ground collected by the user as test data. To research valid conclusions about maps accuracy from some samples of the map the sample must be selected without bias. Failure to meet these important criteria affects the validity of any further analysis performed using the data because the resulting error matrix may over- or under- estimate the true accuracy. The sampling schemes well determine the distribution of samples across the land scape which will significantly affect accuracy assessment costs [14] When performing accuracy assessment for the whole classified image, the known reference data should be another set of data. Different from the set that is used for training the classifier .If training samples as the reference data are used then the result of the accuracy assessment only indicates how the training samples are classified, but does not indicate how the classifier performs elsewhere in scene [10]. the following are two methods commonly used to do the accuracy assessment derived from table . 1-the Error matrix Table 1.Error matrix[15] Error matrix (table1 ) is square ,with the same number of information classes that will be assessed as the row and column. Numbers in rows are the classification result and numbers in column are ref-erence data (ground truth ).in this square elements along the main diagonal are pixels that are correctly classified. Error matrix is very effective way to represent map accuracy in that individual accuracies of each category are plainly descried along with both the error of commission and error of omission. Error of commission is defined as including an area into acatogary when it does not belong to that category. Error of omission is defined as excluding that area from the catogary in which it truly does belong. Every error is an omission from correct category and commission to a wrong category. With error matrix error of omission and commission can be shown clearly and also several accuracy indexes such as overall accuracy, users accuracy and producers accuracy can be assessed .the fol lowing is detailed description about the three accuracy indexes and their calculation method overall accuracy Overall accuracy is the portion of all reference pixels, which are classified correctly (in the scene) that assignment of the classifications and of the reference classification agree).it is computed by dividing the total number of correctly classified pixels (the sum of the elements along the main diagonal) by the total number of reference pixels. According to the error matrix above the overall accuracy can be calculated as the following: OA == Overall accuracy is Avery coarse measurement. It gives no information about what classes are classified with good accuracy. producers accuracy producer accuracy estimates the probability that a pixel, which is of class I in the reference classification is correctly classified . It is estimate with the reference pixels of class I divided by the pixels where classification and reference classification agree in class I . Given the error matrix above, the producers accuracy can be calculated using the following equation: PA (class I) = Producer accuracy tells how well the classification agrees with reference classification 2.3 users accuracy Users accuracy is estimated by dividing the number of pixels of the classification results for class I with number of pixels that agree with the reference data in class I.it can be calculated as : UA(class I)= Users accuracy predicts the probability that a pixel classified as class I is actually belonging to class I. 2-kappa statistics The kappa analysis is discrete multivariate techniques used in accuracy assessment for statistically determining if one error matrix is significantly different than another (bishop).the result of performing of kappa analysis is KHAT statistics (actually ,an estimate of kappa),which is an- other measure of agreement or accuracy this measure of agreement is based on the difference between the actual agreement in the error matrix(i.e the agreement between the remotely sensed classification and the reference data as indicated by major diagonal) and the chance agreement, which is indicated by the row and column totals(i.e marginal)[16] A detailed comparison between two data sets, one with near-infrared and three visible and the other with the full 8-bands, was made to emphasize the important role of the new bands for improving the separability measurement and the final classification results [17]

The Pathophysiology of Hepatitis B Essay -- Health, Diseases

Introduction Hepatitis B, an infectious disease caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV, a DNA virus), was formerly called serum hepatitis, inoculation hepatitis and post-transfusion hepatitis. Infection with HBV may result in acute, fulminant or chronic hepatitis, sometimes even resulting in a chronic asymptomatic carrier state, apart from hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis (Davis 179). The disease is transmitted when an individual comes in contact with infected blood or objects. It may also be transferred from an infected mother to her infant either during or after birth (Zuckerman et al. 211). Transmission may also occur by accidental inoculation from infected needles and hospital equipment, intravenous drug abuse, body piercing, tattooing, and mouth-mouth kissing (Zuckerman et al. 210). The risk of Hepatitis B is particularly high in individuals with multiple sex partners, and in homosexuals. The HBV virus occurs in morphologically different forms in the serum of infected individuals. HBV infection has an incubation period of about 75 days. Systemic symptoms of the disease include fatigue, fever, dyspepsia, arthralgia, malaise, and rash, while local symptoms include hepatomegaly, jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools (Davis 179; Zuckerman et al. 210). Anatomical/physiological/biochemical changes that lead to the disease Hepatitis B results from cellular injury to the liver, subsequently affecting its metabolic functions. However, the HBV is not cytopathic by itself. The pathogenesis of Hepatitis B occurs as a result of the interactions between the host’s immune system and the virus. The host immune system targets HBV in liver cells (hepatocytes), inadvertently causing damage to the liver. HBV derived proteins (... ...BeAg), bilirubin level, and platelet count (Pyrsopoulos and Reddy). The disease prognosis can be done by calculating the prognostic index based on the status of these six variables. Conclusion HBV infection is complex and affects a large population worldwide. The discovery of the Australia antigen (HBsAg) in 1965 by Blumberg et al. (1965) set the stage for rapid progress in understanding and counteracting the disease (qtd in Zuckerman et al. 210). Liver function tests help in estimating the extent of damage caused to the liver during HBV infection. Diagnosis is done by detecting viral specific antigens in the serum. Both active and passive immunization options exist for disease prophylaxis. However, it is always best to practice caution over the parenteral, sexual and other routes of transmission of the disease for effective disease prevention and prophylaxis.

Role of UNICEF and the International Labour Organization in the Working

Introduction This paper deals with the role of transnational actors like UNICEF and the International Labour Organization (ILO) in the working children’s movement. It examines the role of development communication in empowering working children, and its impact on the movement. The paper begins with a brief introduction to development, linking it with issues concerning working children. It then goes into a brief overview of UNICEF and the ILO, and talks about the role of each in the international working children’s movement. It evaluates one program executed by each of the organizations in dealing with a development situation, in terms of intent and purpose, policies and procedures, obstacles faced, and the outcome of each effort. I then present my critique of strategies followed by both actors and my conclusion from this comparative analysis regarding the effectiveness of each actor. As this is a topic that has been of concern to me for a while, this analysis might appear to be a bit subjective to the reader, but I have tried to bear in mind objectivity, and did extensive research on both organizations to make sure that I was looking at a wide enough body of work. The research consists mainly of information I found on both websites as well as a few books and journal articles. It also comes from the first hand experience of a non-profit organization that works with issues concerning working children, who have worked closely with the ILO and the United Nations. A transnational actor can be defined as a person, business or organization that operates across borders and has some impact on world societies and environments. It became apparent to me as I was doing my research that transnational actors often have admirable... ...tion to make sure the projects are meeting their goals. There needs to be constant monitoring of each new venture undertaken. Detailed evaluations of current projects and research for new strategies in place of older unsuccessful ones are essential, to make plans better cater to the needs of the children. Lastly I think there needs to be increased government and non-profit participation, and involvement of the children, to bring about the best kind of development. From a development communication standpoint, I think the ILO manages to utilize the most optimum model to bring about progress and change the status quo, wehreas this is largely lacking in UNICEF’s approach. BIBLIOGRAPHY Moemeka, Andrew. Development Communication in Action. University Press of America, 2000. www.unic.org.in/devsup13may.htm www.unicef.org www.ilo.org

Goldelocks Planet

Could ‘Goldilocks' planet be just right for life? [->0][->1] AP Photo/Zina Deretsky, National Science FoundationAn artist rendering by Lynette Cook, National Science Foundation, shows the new planet on the right.  ·Top of Form 1 Buzz up! 865 votes Bottom of Form 1  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www. facebook. com/sharer. php? u=http://news. yahoo. com/s/ap/20100929/ap_on_sc/us_sci_new_earths&t=Could+%27Goldilocks%27+planet+be+just+right+for+life%3F+-+Yahoo%21+News†Share  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"http://twitter. com/home? status=http://news. yahoo. com/s/ap/20100929/ap_on_sc/us_sci_new_earths†retweet  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"http://mtf. ews. yahoo. com/mailto/? prop=news&locale=us&url=http://news. yahoo. com/s/ap/20100929/ap_on_sc/us_sci_new_earths&title=Could+%27Goldilocks%27+planet+be+just+right+for+life%3F+-+Yahoo%21+News&h1=ap/20100929/ap_on_sc/us_sci_new_earths&h2=T&h3=624†³Email  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"http://news. yahoo. com/s/ap/20100929/ap_on_sc/us_sci_new_earths/pr int†Print  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"/nphotos/undated-handout-artist-rendering-provided-Lynette-Cook-National-Science-Foundation/photo//100929/480/urn_publicid_ap_org7e4574a9e56348109f878f3f99936813//s:/ap/20100929/ap_on_sc/us_sci_new_earths†?FPRIVATE â€Å"TYPE=PICT;ALT=This undated handout artist rendering provided by Lynette Cook, National Science Foundation, shows a new planet, right. Astronomers have found a plane†AP – This undated handout artist rendering provided by Lynette Cook, National Science Foundation, shows a †¦  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"/nphotos/Goldilocks-planet/ss/events/sc/093010goldilocplanet†? FPRIVATE â€Å"TYPE=PICT;ALT='Goldilocks' planet†HYPERLINK â€Å"/nphotos/Goldilocks-planet/ss/events/sc/093010goldilocplanet†Slideshow:'Goldilocks' planet  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"http://us. rd. yahoo. om/dailynews/external/hearst_orlando_wesh/av_hearst_orlan_wesh/884e0bfd9b244f9bb69f244f471dd239/37795187;_ylt=AkmdpzkzfGvlRd_Ow96TXr5xieA A;_ylu=X3oDMTFiMThoYm9oBHBvcwM0BHNlYwN5bl9yXzNzbG90X3ZpZGVvBHNsawN2aWQtZXYtdGh1bWI-/*http://news. yahoo. com/video/politics-15749652/22211228†? FP RIVATE â€Å"TYPE=PICT;ALT=Titusville Teen Campaigns To Save NASA†Play Video HYPERLINK â€Å"http://us. rd. yahoo. com/dailynews/external/hearst_orlando_wesh/av_hearst_orlan_wesh/884e0bfd9b244f9bb69f244f471dd239/37795187;_ylt=AhwlUOUqG. XJT7dMF4fIKZRxieAA;_ylu=X3oDMTFhaWFjbWFmBHBvcwM1BHNlYwN5bl9yXzNzbG90X3ZpZGVvBHNsawN2aWQtZXYtbGluaw–/*http://news. ahoo. com/video/politics-15749652/22211228†³Space Video:Titusville Teen Campaigns To Save NASA HYPERLINK â€Å"/video/local/orlando;_ylt=AvXELmZkdK7w8FyZhXrJ2stxieAA;_ylu=X3oDMTFiMTJlb3JuBHBvcwM2BHNlYwN5bl9yXzNzbG90X3ZpZGVvBHNsawN2aWQtZXYtcHJvdmk-â€Å"WESH Orlando  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"http://us. rd. yahoo. com/dailynews/external/reutersav/av_reuters_all/398f239b7ca1ff117e11bfc2a7471a54/37792448;_ylt=AglH. ImWxulddgvz7mWJZWJxieAA;_ylu=X3oDMTFiOWVlczFoBHBvcwM3BHNlYwN5 bl9yXzNzbG90X3ZpZGVvBHNsawN2aWQtZXYtdGh1bWI-/*http://news. yahoo. com/video/science-15749654/22207740†?F? FPRIVATE â€Å"TYPE=PICT;ALT=New planet could support life†Play Video HYPERLINK â€Å"http://us. rd. yahoo. com/dailynews/external/reutersav/av_reuters_all/398f239b7ca1ff117e11bfc2a7471a54/37792448;_ylt=Ah1mE3gU9F_SRM8nCpSKJElxieAA;_ylu=X3oDMTFhcDNlYmRyBHBvcwM4BHNlYwN5bl9yXzNzbG90X3ZpZGVvBHNsawN2aWQtZXYtbGluaw–/*http://news. yahoo. com/video/science-15749654/22207740†³Space Video:New planet could support lifeMore photos  »HYPERLINK â€Å"http://us. rd. yahoo. com/dailynews/ap/brand/SIG=11f589428/**http%3A%2F%2Fwww. ap. org%2Ftermsandconditions†?FPRIVATE â€Å"TYPE=PICT;ALT=AP†[->2] Reuters By SETH BORENSTEIN, AP Science Writer Seth Borenstein, Ap Science Writer – Wed Sep 29, 7:19 pm ET WASHINGTON – Astronomers say they have for the first time spotted a planet beyond our own in what is sometimes called the Goldilocks zone fo r life: Not too hot, not too cold. Juuuust right. Not too far from its star, not too close. So it could contain liquid water. The planet itself is neither too big nor too small for the proper surface, gravity and atmosphere. It's just right. Just like Earth. This really is the first Goldilocks planet,† said co-discoverer R. Paul Butler of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. [Related: Seven best places to sleep under the stars[->3]] The new planet sits smack in the middle of what astronomers refer to as the habitable zone, unlike any of the nearly 500 other planets astronomers have found outside our solar system. And it is in our galactic neighborhood, suggesting that plenty of Earth-like planets circle other stars. Finding a planet that could potentially support life is a major step toward answering the timeless question: Are we alone?Scientists have jumped the gun before on proclaiming that planets outside our solar system were habitable only to have them turn out to be n ot quite so conducive to life. But this one is so clearly in the right zone that five outside astronomers told The Associated Press it seems to be the real thing. â€Å"This is the first one I'm truly excited about,† said Penn State University's Jim Kasting. He said this planet is a â€Å"pretty prime candidate† for harboring life. Life on other planets doesn't mean E. T. Even a simple single-cell bacteria or the equivalent of shower mold would shake perceptions about the uniqueness of life on Earth.But there are still many unanswered questions about this strange planet. It is about three times the mass of Earth, slightly larger in width and much closer to its star — 14 million miles away versus 93 million. It's so close to its version of the sun that it orbits every 37 days. And it doesn't rotate much, so one side is almost always bright, the other dark. Temperatures can be as hot as 160 degrees or as frigid as 25 degrees below zero, but in between — in the land of constant sunrise — it would be â€Å"shirt-sleeve weather,† said co-discoverer Steven Vogt of the University of California at Santa Cruz.It's unknown whether water actually exists on the planet, and what kind of atmosphere it has. But because conditions are ideal for liquid water, and because there always seems to be life on Earth where there is water, Vogt believes â€Å"that chances for life on this planet are 100 percent. † The astronomers' findings are being published in Astrophysical Journal and were announced by the National Science Foundation on Wednesday. The planet circles a star called Gliese 581.It's about 120 trillion miles away, so it would take several generations for a spaceship to get there. It may seem like a long distance, but in the scheme of the vast universe, this planet is â€Å"like right in our face, right next door to us,† Vogt said in an interview. That close proximity and the way it was found so early in astronomers' search for habitable planets hints to scientists that planets like Earth are probably not that rare. Vogt and Butler ran some calculations, with giant

Justice Systems in Egypt and in the United States

Justice System in Egypt and the United States Brian L. Goodman Daymar College Outline Abstract Introduction III. The Legal Systems A. The United States Legal System B. The Egypt Legal System IV. Types of Crimes V. Components of Justice System in the United States VI. Components of Justice System in Egypt VII. Crimes A. United States B. Egypt VIII. Notes IX. References Abstract Justice System in Egypt and the United States are similar in many ways. Egypt Justice System bases its criminal code on British, Napoleon, and Italian models. There are three main categories of crime in Egypt law; they are minor offenses, misdemeanors and felonies. Egypt law requires that a detained person be brought before a magistrate with 48 hours or released. The United States Justice System enforces the law and defends the interests of the United States according to the law to ensure public safety against threats foreign and domestic, and to provide federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime. The United States Justice System uses five components such as; local law enforcements, court trails, court cases, trial with grand jury and decision and punishment. Justice System in Egypt and the United States The United States is a federal system. The national government has enumerated powers, and the fifty states retain substantial authority. Both the national government and each state government is divided into executive, legislative and judicial branches. Written constitutions, both federal and state, form a system of separated powers, checks and balances among the branches. Egypt bases its criminal codes and courts operations primarily on British, Italian, and Napoleonic models. Criminal court procedures had been substantially modified by heritage of Islamic legal and social patterns and the legacy of numerous kinds of courts that formerly existed. In ancient Egypt, the rulers, called pharaohs, created the laws of the land and enforced them. The pharaohs had strict laws and at times, some very harsh punishments to maintain control over the people. The Egyptians had harsh punishments for breaking the law. The laws were based on common sense view of right and wrong. It depended on which crime the criminal did to figure out which punishment they would receive. Not only would it disgrace them, but it would disgrace their whole family. Now, Egypt uses criminal codes. The criminal codes listed three main categories of crime: minor offenses, misdemeanors, and felonies. Lower courts handled the majority of these cases. Capitol crimes that carried a possible death sentence includes murder, manslaughter, arson or the uses of explosives that caused death, rape, treason, and endangerment of state security. In Egypt few convictions for capital crimes, however, resulted in execution. Egypt laws required that a detained person be brought before a magistrate and formally charged within 48 hours or released. The accused are entitled to post bail and had the right to defended by legal counsel. Searches can not be conducted without a warrant. The justice system in the United States is one of the most unique in the world. It consists of two separate levels of courts, state and federal.. Most of the laws that govern our day-to-day living are state laws; violations of federal law include offenses involving federal government employees, kidnapping or evading arrest, and fraud such as income tax or postal fraud. There are two types of trials: criminal and civil. In a criminal trial, the government is prosecuting an individual for an offense that threatens the security of individual citizens. Usually, criminal trials involve actions taken as a result of malicious intent, Civil trials are disputes between two parties. In both instances, the person that charges are eing brought against is the defendant; in criminal trials, the government is the prosecution – in civil trials. References â€Å"Introduction to the Justice System† â€Å"An Overview of the Court System in the United Statesâ€Å" www. library. thinkquest. org The United States Department of Justice, www. justice. gov History of Criminal Justice System, www. lawandliberty. org Andrews, Mark  "Law and the Legal System in Ancient Egypt;† www. touregypt. net/featurestories/law. htm â€Å"Islam Mythsâ€Å", www. muslim-canada. org/Islam_myths. htm Justice Systems in Egypt and the United States

Assessing Conditions For Children With Need

Every nine out of ten kids living with disability have dropped school or they have not been in the school while approximately eighty percentages of all children with disability are in developed countries. Majority of these kids are not being included in school programs this is because of their statues such as ideological, physical or having communication barriers. Sometime kids have physical or intellectual impairment which may contribute to falling of kids to participate in social life and community life. For instance a kid at ages of 13 who lost a limb accidently, have lost legs due to polio or may have been born without limbs due to factors such as cerebral Passy they are regarded as disables in such scenario they cannot climb stairs  (Francis, 2015). Normally parent hold back kinds in their house or neighborhood and they cannot interact with other kids. These factors contribute to omitting these kids to join life in the community and hence cannot join family gatherings due to their statues.   Understanding that every kid is an individual, most people thick that best solution is do without or remove the impairments to enhance kid to walk again. Medical experts are often being consorted out. For instance doctors would operate on their bodies or they commend a special case of therapy to make their legs to function well again. They many things should be done to eradicate these perception and consequences even its impossible to heel threw impairments  (Tylor, 2001 ). School board should first asses’ kids who needs special needs education because most of the student gets good grade hence they needs special education and services while other don’t have a place to call home. Government should work hand in hand with special schools administration to offer these services. Most of the children at school witness challenges such as ranging from physical differences, not able to communicate and perception with behavior such as making of new friends these difficulties may be contributed by factors such as emotional problems, physical disorder, behavior problems and psychiatric disorder. Kinds with such special needs require or they must be entitled to special schools to receive such services and accommodation through government sponsor schools. It’s a basic right for every child to receive a free and appropriate education in a conducive environment  (Cole, 2008 ). In past years children with disability have been put in consideration that is hard but through the experience and research shows that most of them can be placed to most able families who may want them to either look after or educate them. For a guardian whom wants to adopt the kid one should focus on the key issues such as emotional, physical capability and availability of resources to be successful guardian  (Meltzer, 2010 ). This include serious health key condition of the kid heart defects, chronic conditions, asthma and diabetes   or other associated problem to the kid. Children with such health issues may require special and numerous tests, expensive materials, and special accommodation. Family responsible to adopting this kid should be prepared to face these crises with certainty. With kids who have behavior words they do not resound to previous adherences. For those diagnosed with effects such as ADHD, fetal  Ã‚   alcohol spectrum dis order most require special initials which are mandated to be specific abilities and disabilities. If the plans are not inclusive issues to contribute to disagreements and thus prompting to risk of children school problems. Parent are advised to be more flexible while ate the same time be more creative to adopt these kids. In development stages is the one the most overwhelming to the family in dealing in changing of the visions and the future by providing education and be caring. Having a defect such as autism or mental retardation often contribute for kids to be withheld in the majority, parent should demands and then make sure kids receive the services such as therapy, schooling which they require and they deserve. Most kids with learning deformity like central auditory processing disorder are noted to be struggling with assignments regardless of their ability hence they requires special learning facilities in order to meet their possible   and improve self-esteem issues and other behavioral challenges. Guardians of such kids should be insistent in both working averse learners and school should provide them with these kinds of needs. Children with anxiety can sneak from their guardians and living or staying with such kind of kids with mental issues can facilitate members to panic or have crises or defiance’s. Guardians have to find a well trained professional to help and make decisions on the best therapy, medications or if need of hospitalizations. The results of luck of knowledge can result to wrong guesses which can be significant. Even though parents do not take time to adopt any assistance issues they are not aware of hardship is on raising a kid with disability. Investigation of the student strength is key issues such as looking the grades of previous exams and records. Fill out the strength data shit on the progress of the kid. Discuss with the special needs student what his or her likes are. Assess what they are most interested in such as what they feel they are good at and what are the objectives of their education. Associate the kids with positive role models who will mentor them on how other person with disability got successful in life. These will motivate the kids in such ways that if such person made it to the top, even I can make it to the top. Illustrators are advised to come up with subjects or units with titles such as â€Å"people living disability who made it† Once the student strength are identified it is best to design a way to utilize those abilities, if for instance the kid is good in drawing but has an issue on reading then if a student is good in singing he or she should be propelled on how to use different music equipment’s. On the hand if a kid shows capacity of knitting but does not know the place value should encourage kids to knit at least ten to fifteen roes per day. There numerous ways which can be used on combing strength of kids and illustrators work in order to achieve learning objectives. The layout of the classroom may help or hinders learning of the kid but most illustrators can change their class room depending on the efficiency of reaching the students movements. Kids with special needs to be seated next to the tutor or close to chalk board if they have eyesight problems. Tutors are advice to arrange classroom in manner that kids with these challenges can be able to move across easily especially if some have visual problems or they have issues on mobility. Desk and tables should be arranged in groups so they can ease work force of the kids to work together and help each other. Display charts and posters should pin on the same level with eyes of the kid but rather not to mush high. Addition of texture and other and other real objects used in touching will help kids with visual defects. Lesson planning makes teaching to be more effective and efficient, to plan a lesson as tutor one should focuses on setting a class in context and timely manner tis will enhance to be able to adjust lessons and distribute work to the kids depending on their abilities, interest and motivations. Associating kids on their daily work will enable them to understand subject easily in such scenario when learning about the measurements kids can find out other heights. It is advisable to use real objects and visual aids. Group work should be encouraged since it facilitates participation of learners and enhance responses and other feelings. While handling special needs children one have to give them a lesson that relates to their deformities otherwise any lesson should all the activities. In an example a student who is perfect in ADHD who enjoys adrenaline which thrives a stimulation compound such kids should be exposed in jobs such a fire fighting jobs. Kids with learning issues who can demons trate that they are good in art they might as well join as graphic designer or artist. Tutors needs to bear in minds needs planning their lessons one of the instances is to have an individual work plans for every person, it should well know that individuals plans which can   be complemented to ensure that learning outcomes   have been achieved. The blueprint should be explained and consultation with both guardian and children’s. Guardians must be given a copy of descriptive plan. Use of assistive media and technologies Doing research on applications on the store which can be used to help the kid to cope with challenges, such as universal learning tools where a student in scenario of not good in writing but very good in speech to text programs thus help the kid to speak to the machine and as well the computer will generate words in writing thus helping the kid to be able to learn. Kids with autism who often love iPod but has difficulty in encoding information can be taught on how use other argumentative communication applications, kids will normally click the buttons and then they can synthesize the sounds. Tutors are advice to arrange classroom in manner that kids with these challenges can be able to move across easily especially if some have visual problems or they have issues on mobility. Desk and tables should be arranged in groups so they can ease work force of the kids to work together and help each other. Majority of the student with special needs have no idea of themselves as working employees in the future or they negatively look down themselves. Encouragement advices and lecture should be done helping them and make connections with their strength and the requirements of the specific jobs in their careers. In an example a student who is perfect in ADHD who enjoys adrenaline which thrives a stimulation compound such kids should be exposed in jobs such a fire fighting jobs. Kids with learning issues who can demonstrate that they are good in art they might as well join as graphic designer or artist. Creation of good learning environment This involves well design of classrooms which distinguish them depending on their strength by proving kids with such as ADHD who can learn by rolling with ball hence jiggle around while still completing homework. In case a student diagnosed with Down syndrome who basically enjoys mimic others an instructor should be guided to build a puppet theater which can work to help the kid and have a positive feedback. A lot has been pointed concerning parents living with specials children acknowledging that disability or illness it is just the beginning of the journey at time s one feels overwhelmed by the challenges of the associates and out of the strength of the emotion. One may feel alone or isolated even though they are many supporters while some relatives may invaluable in terms of source of helping information. Most of the services are provided by the public agencies that can assist the entire family. Campaigns and talks should be done to the parents who have special children to communicate to each other on the issues and seek assistance where needed. Forlin, C. (2010).  Teacher education for inclusion: Changing paradigms and innovative approaches. London: Routledge. Andrew Pollard, ‎. C. (2005). Reflective Teaching. Cole, R. W. (2008 ). Educating Everybody's Children: fo. Diverse Teaching Strategies. Davis, B. G. (2009). Tools for Teaching. Francis, T. &. (11 Feb 2015). Cross-Curricular Teaching in the Primary School. Gay, G. (2010 ). Culturally Responsive Teaching: . Theory, Research, and Practice. Global, F. K. (n.d.). How to Teach Now: . Five Keys to Personalized Learning in the Global. Hargreaves, A. (2003). Teaching in the Knowledge Society: Education in the Age of Insecurity. Jim Walters, ‎. F. (2007). Managing Classroom Behavior and Discipline. ‎Shelly Frei. Learning, U. D. (2012). Teaching Every Student in the Digital Age. Universal Design for Learning. Meltzer, L. (2010 ). Promoting Executive Function in the Classroom. Morrison, G. S. (2017). Early Childhood Education Today. Peter F. Oliva, ‎. R. (2012 ). Developing the Curriculum. Roger Pierangelo, ‎. G. ( 2008 ). Teaching Students With Learning Disabilities. Roger Pierangelo, ‎. G. (2008 ). Teaching Students With Learning Disabilities. Thomas J. Sergiovanni, ‎. L. (2014 ). The Principalship: A Reflective Practice Perspective. Tylor, A. (2001 ). Current Index to Journals in Education. Oryx Press, . Getting academic assistance from